Sue Savage Rumbaugh, in 2006, claimed Kanzi understands about 3,000 spoken words. When we watch older movies, even those from the 1980s, the teenagers appear to be a lot older as well. The controversy masked an uncomfortable truth: No one agreed on what the difference between language and communication actually was. In 2013, the Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative (ACCI),[4] under the direction of Jared Taglialatela, a professor at Kennesaw State University in Georgia, and Bill Hopkins, a professor at Georgia State University, took over the facility. Kanzi had his back to me. Chief Candy Officer wanted: Get paid $78,000 a year to eat candy , Tim Conway reveals joke that made Harvey Korman wet his pants , A dental hygienist wears cute costumes to work . From an adjoining room, a staff member was engaging him in a match-to-sample task to demonstrate his vocabulary, speaking a word and waiting to see if he would touch the corresponding symbol on the computer screen. As for a larger dispute over who owned several of the bonobos, including Kanzi, the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. As a fourth-generation bonobo raised . Privacy Statement Bonobos have an impressive vocabulary, especially when it comes to snacks. This lack of agency that women experience was only exacerbated during violent conflicts like the Boko Haram-led insurgency, and their debilitating aftermath. Sampling kale for the first time, he called it slow lettuce. When his mother once bit him in frustration, he looked mournfully at Savage-Rumbaugh and pressed, Matata bite. When Savage-Rumbaugh added symbols for the words good and bad to the keyboard, he seized on these abstract concepts, often pointing to bad before grabbing something from a caregivera kind of prank. [8], Kanzi's adoptive mother, Matata, was believed to be in her mid- to late- 40s when she died in June 2014. Cookie Policy In one such instance, the caretaker said Savage-Rumbaugh blamed her for cutting Kanzi across the chest after misinterpreting a conversation shed had with Kanzi using the lexigrams; in fact, hed evidently hurt himself on a fence the caretaker had faultily repaired. Kanzi, who resides at a research center in southeastern Des Moines, can use abstract symbols to communicate with people, and understands . When you depart, please leave your access card and any keys with whomever is on duty right now, the chairman wrote to her. They use sentences, talk on the phone,. "Chimp matches 2-year-old Cognitive capabilities more like humans' than experts believed. Kanzi had been going about his life, and my hunger to interact with him had disrupted that. After the bonobo fled to his mother, Segerdahl writes, Panbanisha charged up to the glass where he was sitting, keyboard in hand, and held her finger over the symbol for monster. It was a bit like being struck by the mystery of your own life, Segerdahl told me in an email about the encounter. "It would be wonderful if animals could say things about the world, as opposed to just signaling a direct emotional state or need. Yet his most memorable behavior emerged outside the context of replicable trials. It was in this unique environment, where Savage-Rumbaugh worked until 2013, that the foundations of her experiment began to shift. The origin of their name is unknown . This is an animal welfare mission in my mind.. Our top stories of the day delivered straight to your inbox. By Kanzis fifth birthday, he had made the front page of the New York Times. Last week, people . I have a clear memory of standing in front of that fireplace and thinking that if I could just publish one article in my lifetime, it would be worth the effort and the money and that I would have made a contribution to science and not let my mind go to waste.. On his 3-year-old daughter's first trip to the dentist, Doyin was pretty worried she would freak out about the treatment. Kanzi and Panbanisha understand thousands of words. Paul Raffaele What would it be like to converse with a bonobo? Advertising Notice Presently Kanzi understands over 3,000 spoken words and can "say" close to 500 words by pointing to lexigrams. Now she takes every chance she can get to offer mentorship and encouragement so that women can live up to their full potential. The study took nine months to complete. Kanzi responded correctly to 74 percent of the instructions, Alia to 65 percent. She wrote her doctoral dissertation on nonverbal communication between mother and infant chimpanzees. Kanzi then points to the appropriate symbol on his keyboard. So linguists and other scientists put these protective boundaries around language, because we as a species feel this need to be unique. They told me separately that when Kanzi appeared in the viewing area, he approached a keyboard and touched the key for Sue.. Check out a human library, where you borrow people instead of books. Back in 1989, Lady Tee spoke to the Board of Education as a young student to keep open Highland Park Community College, Michigans only Historical Black College at the time, where women made up a majority of the student body. First Kanzi used 6 symbols, then 18, finally 348. Shes also involved in other projects related to improving gender equality in health care, including organizing feminine hygiene supply drives to address period poverty and collecting clothing for survivors of sexual assault, whose clothing is often retained as evidence following examination at the hospital. I finally got the chance to meet Kanzi last July. Only three of them were human. The bonobos behavior changed. Some scientists would like us to test animals as if they are little machines of which we only need to probe the responses, whereas others argue that apes reveal their full mental capacities only in the sort of environment that we also provide for our children, with intellectual encouragement among loving adults. Seeing me, he slapped his chest and thighs, mimicking my war dance, as if inviting me to perform an encore. And she was complicit. An Ape Bites His Handler's Fingers Off, Waits 8 Months, And Then Literally Apologizes What follows is the amazing story of Kanzi the bonobo. That was how Savage-Rumbaugh came to live in Des Moines with eight bonobos, her sister Liz Pugh, and William Fields, a custodian and student in anthropology at the Georgia State lab who had developed a close bond with the apes and would later author 14 papers and one book with Savage-Rumbaugh. Pelumi Obisesan: supporting women survivors of Boko Haram in Nigeria. The bonobos have constant access to permanently mounted lexigram keyboards in virtually all of their enclosures, he said. Right idea. By working with global campaigns like United to Beat Malaria, Whitney helps ensure that the voices of young African girls and women are fully accounted for and represented in the global fight to end malaria for good. And so language became, in a way, the replacement for religion. - Upworthy , Fact: NASA takes the best before-and-after photos. They turn off their screens. Then she contacted a lawyer. All of the teenagers look like theyre in their mid-30s and the teachers who are 50 look like theyre 80. Formaldehyde Found in paper bags, waxed papers, facial tissues, paper towels, plywood paneling, and synthetic fabrics. He had visited several years earlier, while researching his novel The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore, about a chimpanzee who learns to speak. And some heavy load lifted., In losing spoken language, and falling back on a nonverbal way of communicating, had Savage-Rumbaughs mother become any less human? In 1985, Kanzi was moved to the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Her platform, The Story Book, is a fun, safe space where young people can find their voice, gain more confidence and learn from others through storytelling. In 2010, she moved in with the bonobos full time, helping Panbanisha soothe her infants when they woke in the night and writing her papers on a laptop as they dozed. And its kind of a need humans haveto feel like we are special. She went on, Science has challenged that. Raffaele, Paul (2006), "The Smart and Swinging Bonobo", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 00:14. While animals could exchange information about what they felt, he wrote, only humans could articulate what was just and unjust, and this made their vocalizations speech. In the 1600s, the philosopher Ren Descartes echoed this idea: While animals jabbered nonsensically, he wrote, God had gifted human beings with souls, and with souls language and consciousness. He also wants her to have a good male role model in her life. ", Wise, Steven M. "Why Animals Deserve Legal Status. This is why Savage-Rumbaugh says she was blindsided when she returned to the lab in November 2013, after a six-month absence, to find herself ordered off the premises. For example, a teenager in the 1950s may have been in fashion while wearing thick Buddy Holly-style glasses. But Savage-Rumbaugh says Kanzi also understands words that arent a part of his keyboard vocabulary; she says he can respond appropriately to commands such as"put the soap in the water"or"carry the TV outdoors.". But others were unimpressed. Society loves to put people in categories. Andrea Wollitz: advocating for access to health care for all. While he was gone, I pulled a chair up to the transparent wall of the testing room. According to Smithsonian Magazine, Kanzi "has the mien of an aging patriarch he's balding and paunchy with serious, deep-set eyes. The findings also raised a fascinating, provocative and deeply troubling question: Can an animal develop a human mind? "For all practical purposes, I'm Teco's mother," Dr. Sue says. But it's not especially good for forming words, which is the way of things when you're a bonobo, the close and more peaceable cousin of the chimpanzee. If bonobo Kanzi can point as humans do, what other similarities can rearing reveal?. And he wants to make sure her hair looks nice. I asked Taglialatela if it was true that under his leadership the facility had transitioned away from Savage-Rumbaughs interactive approach to studying ape cognition. Since then, shes been an outspoken defender of transgender rights and justice, speaking with people across the globe about what sexual and reproductive health, rights, and justice means for transgender individuals like herself through the Universal Access Project. [24], According to the research of Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi "can understand individual spoken words and how they are used in novel sentences". Is it their sense of fashion? Barbara King, an emerita professor of anthropology at the College of William and Mary, who has interacted with Kanzi and has written books such as How Animals Grieve and Personalities on the Plate: The Lives & Minds of Animals We Eat, echoed Seyfarth. In time, research on free-living bonobos would reveal that they have a matriarchal social structure and thatunlike chimps and humansthey almost never kill one another. An internal investigation cleared her of wrongdoing (whether the alleged mishaps actually occurred was never made public), and a subsequent inspection by the U.S. Department of Agriculture gave the facility itself a clean bill of health. You've heard about the Syrian refugee crisis in the news. NON-SCIENCE FACT: I'm looking forward to the day I can make my daughter's hair look this good while not getting a raging death stare from her. Kanzi cannot speak in a manner that is comprehensible to most humans, as bonobos have different vocal tracts than humans, which makes them incapable of reproducing most of the vocal sounds humans can make. Each time he did, a major chord echoed through the lobby. Heart pounding, I called out, Hi Kanzi. I held up the lexigrams and touched the symbol for keyboard.. Its the magic ingredient that makes our languages uniquely capable of reflecting reality. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(7), 821-832. To him, the fact that Kanzi had learned to produce elements of human communication didnt imply that he had the capacity for language. Savage-Rumbaugh spent most of her time in their quarters. A former gang member. In this study, Schick and Toth showed Kanzi how to flake stone, producing a sharp edge that could be used to cut through a rope in order to gain access to a food reward. He points to there being less tolerance, less understanding, and less social cohesion than when he first had the idea back in 2000. Sunlight glanced off the western tower, scrunching the faces pressed to the windows of the bus. Heading to the dentist brings with a big smile. Only at the Human Library, the book is, well, a human. Im skeptical, but I follow the researcher through the complex, out of Kanzi's sight. The screen went blank. Taglialatela emerged as I was getting out of my car. "It's meant to be a safe space to ask difficult questions and not to be judged," he told Upworthy. It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming not only the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training, but also the first observed bonobo to appear to use some elements of language at all. Although Kanzi learned to communicate using a keyboard with lexigrams, Kanzi also picked up some American Sign Language from watching videos of Koko the gorilla, who communicated using sign language to her keeper Penny Patterson; Savage-Rumbaugh did not realize Kanzi could sign until he signed, "You, Gorilla, Question", to anthropologist Dawn Prince-Hughes, who had previously worked closely with gorillas. He didn't have any people in his life who knew how to braid hair, so he taught himself. He was later relocated, along with his sister, Panbanisha, to the Great Ape Trust, in Des Moines, Iowa. There is some real tension between these two views, because loving adults customarily overestimate what their charges are capable of and throw in their own interpretations, which is why children need to be tested by neutral psychologists and not the parents. It was clear he was sorry, and he was trying to make up with me. It was the statue Ted Townsend had installed years ago, claimed now by the woods. Savage-Rumbaugh rapidly adjusted her framework to encourage this capacity in Kanzi. UN Foundations #EqualEverywhere campaign makes it easy to support these champions and spread their message. ", Kanzi recognizing the symbols of the lexigram, "ACCI: Ape Cognition & Conservation Initiative", "Baby apes may be coming to Iowa, home to the country's only bonobo research center", "Bonobo Matata dies at Des Moines ape conservation", "Nave, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools", "Amazing photos of Kanzi the bonobo lighting a fire and cooking a meal", "The emergence of knapping and vocal expression embedded in a Pan/Homo culture", Speaking Bonobo article at the Smithsonianmag webpage, Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanzi&oldid=1139218151, Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Paul Raffaele, at Savage-Rumbaugh's request, performed a. Savage-Rumbaugh has observed Kanzi in communication to his sister. [11][12], Another study, designed and carried out by archaeologists Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, aimed to compare Kanzi's cognitive and mechanical abilities with those of early human ancestors who made and used Early Stone Age tools (probably Homo habilis), such as Oldowan stone flakes and cores (a core is the rock from which a flake has been removed). Like most parents, Morgese is really hoping to do his part to make sure Emma becomes a fully-functioning and responsible member of society. What had I expected? But Matata had spent most of her adult life in human custody. Fields didnt interact with Kanzi for eight months, until finally another staff member approached Fields and said, Kanzi wants to tell you hes sorry., Kanzi was outside at the time. The ill-fated facility, founded in 2004 by local businessman, Ted Townsend, closed after losing funding, experiencing allegations of neglect, and a flood. She cheered anyway. We entered the lobby, a low-ceilinged space hung with painted portraits of the bonobos. Noticing this, Fields, who had been working in his office nearby, came over to ask him what was wrong. Im not trying to denigrate them. Whitney is equally passionate about ending infectious diseases across Africa, especially the three deadliest diseases: AIDS, TB, and malaria. He got a kid's haircare company, SoCozy, to sponsor the class. "Readers" are encouraged to ask questions freely, and they'll get honest answers in return. For that, Savage-Rumbaugh would need to take her case to state court. In addition, she is the co-founder of Social Good Lagos, a network dedicated to harnessing the power of new media and technology to make the world a better place. We present him with a task where we play him a sounda prerecorded bonobo vocalizationto see if hell label it with a lexigram, Taglialatela explained. A common strategy was to send me out of the room on an errand, Savage-Rumbaugh wrote in the book Machiavellian Intelligence, a collection of academic papers about the role of social experience in the evolution of human intellect, then while I was gone she [Matata] would grab hold of something that was in someone elses hands and scream as though she were being attacked. Terms of Use With the many sharp flakes he produced, Kanzi was able to cut through the rope to gain access to the food reward. They had just acquired a new bonobo, Clara, from the Cincinnati Zoo, to help balance the gender dynamics among the apes. Equality is a birthright that belongs to everyone. He can initiate communication using the lexigrams. Squealing apparent agreement, he pushes a button, and I walk inside. At Southwest Missouri University, she studied Freudian psychology and its counterpoint, behaviorism, B.F. Skinners theory that behavior is determined by ones environment rather than by internal states such as thinking and feeling. This is why Kanzi the bonobo is so important. When Kanzi was an infant, American psychologist Sue Savage-Rumbaugh tried to teach his mother, Matata, to communicate using a keyboard labeled with geometric symbols. Break through those boundaries to get a fuller picture. (Pan referred to the ape genus comprised of bonobos and chimps, while Homo referred to the genus including modern Homo sapiens as well as extinct human species such as Neanderthals.) Ever make assumptions about people with lots of piercings and tattoos? The chimp began first pounding Juliet with his paws and when Sergey tried to . Did they spend more time outdoors and less time playing video games? I asked Savage-Rumbaugh what made her experiment different from other studies of ape intelligence. Savage-Rumbaugh says she believed Taglialatela would continue her research trajectory when he took up his post. Terms of Use - Upworthy , Biden isn't banning gas stoves - Upworthy . We found out it is devastating to the emotional and neurological development of an organism when we do that type of thing, Taglialatela said. Alia, a human 2-year-old, did not know what to do, but Kanzi immediately used a spongy toy Halloween pumpkin as a ball and began to feed the toy. Rather than study the Pan/Homo cultural implications of the bonobos lexigram use, Taglialatela keeps the keyboards available to enable the apes to request food and activities that fall within the bounds of what he describes as species-appropriate behaviors. Waking up day after day to light slanting onto the bonobos, asleep in their nests of carpets, Savage-Rumbaugh faced an uncomfortable truth. | READ MORE. Kanzi had evidently absorbed what his mother had not. Ya know, like most of us dads do. Nonetheless, it was noticed that every time Kanzi communicated with humans with specially-designed graphic symbols, he also produced some vocalization. Through a glass panel, Savage-Rumbaugh asks Kanzi if it's OK for me to enter his enclosure."The bonobos control who comes into their quarters,"she explains. | READ MORE. (Photo courtesy of Ape Initiative) The world's most famous bonobo turned 40 today. In November 2013, eight years after she opened the Trust, and having made plans for a phased retirement, Savage-Rumbaugh returned to Des Moines from a medical absence to care for Teco, Kanzis 3-year-old nephew, who had injured his leg. That's what Ronni Abergel has sought to do since the library's launch in 2000. Did they spend too much time in the sun? Cookie Settings, Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq, The Surprisingly Scientific Roots of Monkey Bars. With great power comes great responsibility.. The bonobos, meanwhile, occasionally used the keyboards to indicate to Savage-Rumbaugh that they had been harmed by a staff member. Kanzi, 39, has used lexigrams to communicate with researchers since age 2. Bonobos, already threatened by poachers and loggers, are suffocating in the fires. The symbols refer to familiar objects (yogurt, key, tummy, bowl), favored activities (chase, tickle), and even some concepts considered fairly abstract (now, bad). Mothers typically handle the vast majority of child care without pay, making it especially challenging if they or their children get sick. Privacy Statement By Anil Ananthaswamy. | READ MORE, 2023 Smithsonian Magazine I just happened to find out it wasnt true., Kevin Miyazaki Stan Lee entertained us for most of his life and he stuck with us until he was 95. She was just exhausted, I think, Steve Boers, who succeeded Savage-Rumbaugh as executive director, told me. The bonobos grew impatient with the tests. A single mom. (Let me note . And a lot of the things that were done with Kanzi, in my opinion, were not appropriate. "The bonobos control who comes into their quarters,"she explains. A sex worker. According to Chomskys early work, this set of rules distinguishes the sounds and gestures we make when we talk from the dances of bees, the twittering of birds and the spectral keening of whales. Kanzi was born to Lorel and Bosandjo at Yerkes Field Station at Emory Universityin 1980. The bonobo compound boasts a 13,000-square-foot lab, drinking fountains, outdoor playgrounds, rooms linked by hydraulic doors that the animals operate themselves by pushing buttons, and a kitchen where they can use a microwave oven and get snacks from a vending machine (pressing the symbols for desired foods). Here are 10 of them. In one experiment she described to me, she placed Kanzi and Panbanisha, his sister, in separate rooms where they could hear but not see each other. "The policeman sitting there speaking with the graffiti writer. Two glass towers loomed over the 13,000-square-foot laboratory, framed on three sides by a glittering blue lake. Instead of in conventional cages, the apes, who ranged in age from 4 to 35, lived in rooms, linked by elevated walkways and hydraulic doors they could open themselves. Emily Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (born August 16, 1946) is a psychologist and primatologist most known for her work with two bonobos, Kanzi and Panbanisha, investigating their linguistic and cognitive abilities using lexigrams and computer-based keyboards. Thomas Sebeok, a prominent linguist who organized a conference in 1980 that helped squelch public funding for animal language research, had a similar take. "I do not believe that there has ever been an example anywhere of a nonhuman expressing an opinion, or asking a question. They would build it on a 230-acre property outside Des Moines, on the grounds of a former quarry. kanzi the bonobo bites off fingerseye drop expiration after opening chart. If it hadnt been for my attachment to Duane and Kanzi and Panbanisha [Kanzis younger sister], I would have happily stayed.. But the centers signature feature was the keyboard of pictorial symbols accessible on computerized touchscreens and packets placed in every room and even printed on researchers T-shirts. When volunteering at SafeSpace, a hotline and shelter for survivors of gender-based violence, Andrea helps empower other women who have been through a situation similar to hers, listening to their stories and providing potential resources that might help. Bonobos Kanzi (C) and Panbanisha (R) with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (L) and the outdoor symbols "keyboard" Panbanisha (November 17, 1985 - November 6, 2012), [1] [2] also known by the lexigram , was a female bonobo that featured in studies on great ape language by Professor Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. About a year ago, Kanzi and his sister, mother, nephew and four other bonobos moved into a $10 million, 18-room house and laboratory complex at the Great Ape Trust, North Americas largest great ape sanctuary, five miles from downtown Des Moines. The apes must have been outside, then, in the snarled greenery between the building and the lake. Most startling to the parade of scientists who came to Georgia to evaluate him was his comprehension of some spoken English. Kanzi, still the alpha male of this . A decorative sign beside it read: We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as impossible situations.. He can recognize 600 words, he can order dinner, and he might even be able to physically speak in English. The class is about more than braiding hair though. Here are several other interesting facts about bonobos: 1. In 1985, Kanzi was moved to the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Some chimpanzees and bonobos (a distinct species of pygmy chimpanzee) have learned to use symbols intelligently, and some can even understand spoken English. 2004. She no longer seized on the conflict as evidence of the bonobos capacity for Machiavellian behavior. I mean, theyre bonobos, and they were not being treated as such. One day, Sue asked Kanzi if he remembered anything about Africa, and showed him a book of illustrations of African animals. For example, Kanzi did not use the word "strawberry" the same way a human child would. During that time, a New York court denied a case to extend legal personhood to great apes filed in part on the strength of an affidavit written by Savage-Rumbaugh on bonobos capacities. Their interactions, which grew more complex with time, implied to many researchers that language was not a biological endowment but a dynamic social instrument, accessible by brains that werent human. When this had happened before, the staff member would defend him- or herself, and Savage-Rumbaugh would try to de-escalate the conflict. We each have a futon." Dr. Sue says she stays with Teco day and night. Kanzi and the other bonobos spend evenings sprawled on the floor, snacking on M & Ms, blueberries, onions and celery, as they watch DVDs they select by pressing buttons on a computer screen. "We're trying to solve this problem,"says Savage-Rumbaugh. Even for insiders, however, the Pan/Homo world wasnt always copacetic. They focus on being together. According to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist who has studied the bonobo throughout her life, Kanzi has exhibited advanced linguistic aptitude.[1][2][3]. It developed spontaneously as we tried to live together during the past two decades, she wrote of what she called a hybrid Pan/Homo culture shared by the apes and their human caretakers. Your Privacy Rights Here are just a few of those #EqualEverywhere champions working to achieve equality for all girls and all women, wherever they are. He said that the quality of the care the apes receive has improved since he came on board. Not ever,"says Geoffrey Pullum, a linguist at the University of California at Santa Cruz. Energized by a conference at MIT where shed presented on interspecies communication, she had recently sent a proposal to collaborate with Taglialatela, but he hadnt accepted it. Just because they communicate differently doesn't mean their stories are less. Extending a finger, he pressed the key for apple, then the key for chase. Then he looked at Savage-Rumbaugh, picked up an apple lying on the floor, and ran away from her with a grin on his face. Suddenly Kanzi charged into the testing room. A teacher. Why not put the media on hold and talk to an actual refugee? With Darwinian theory, this idea that we were special because God created us specially had to be put aside. Kanzi turned away from me and knuckled into the greenhouse, but not before pausing to punch the glass in front of my face. It is the first report of an ape making . Kanzi and Alia were given 660 spoken instructions, asking them to deal with familiar objects in novel ways. She tests his comprehension in part by having someone in another room pronounce words that Kanzi hears through a set of headphones. The plan never came together. Kanzi has since lost over seventy-five pounds. At a symposium in 1974, she delivered a paper critiquing colleagues attempts to teach American Sign Language to chimps. In a landmark study in the mid-1990s, Savage-Rumbaugh exposed Kanzi to 660 novel English sentences including Put on the monster mask and scare Linda and Go get the ball thats outside [as opposed to the ball sitting beside you]. In 72 percent of the trials, Kanzi completed the request, outcompeting a 2-year-old child. He compared his former mentor to Harry Harlow, a psychologist notorious for studying maternal deprivation in monkeys; in one experiment, Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers and used a wire rack outfitted with a nipple to feed them. We define humanness mostly by what other beings, typically apes, are not. Still calm, Kanzi waved an arm at Savage-Rumbaugh, as if asking her to come closer, then let loose with a stream of squeaks and squeals. There, Savage-Rumbaugh introduced Matata to an early version of the lexigram keyboard, which had helped enable some developmentally challenged children to communicate.
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