Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. /Width 371 Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. /Subtype /Image This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Each state has the same level of self-governance. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. >> The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. stream Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. << The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. >> The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). /F2 9 0 R Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Required fields are marked *. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Nigeria. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . /Height 235 % Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. (eds. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. /F4 15 0 R There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. ff>qsfN? The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice Hon. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. All rights reserved. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. The Plural nature of Nigeria. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. /Parent 2 0 R Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. /F5 18 0 R This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. 1. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. 74 . This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. >> The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. . Excellent, thanks a lot f This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Federalism in Nigeria. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. Moreover, The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. /Font << Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. It is our pleasure. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. /F1 6 0 R By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. However, that is not so in a federal government system. ! This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups.
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